A new outranking method for multicriteria decision making with complex Pythagorean fuzzy information

[EN]This article contributes to the advancement and evolution of outranking decision-making methodologies, with a novel essay on the ELimination and Choice Translating REality (ELECTRE) family of methods. Its primary target is to unfold the constituents and expound the implementation of the ELECTRE II method for group decision making in complex Pythagorean fuzzy framework. This results in the complex Pythagorean fuzzy ELECTRE II method. By inception, it is intrinsically superior to models using one-dimensional data. It is designed to perform the pairwise comparisons of the alternatives using the core notions of concordance, discordance and indifferent sets, which is then followed by the construction of complex Pythagorean fuzzy concordance and discordance matrices. Further, the strong and weak outranking relations are developed by the comparison of concordance and discordance indices with the concordance and discordance levels. Later, the forward, reverse and average rankings of the alternatives are computed by the dint of strong and weak outranking graphs. This methodology is supported by a case study for the selection of wastewater treatment process, and by a numerical example for the selection of the best cloud solution for a big data project. Its consistency is confirmed by an effectiveness test and comparison analysis with the Pythagorean fuzzy ELECTRE II and complex Pythagorean fuzzy ELECTRE I methodsPublicación en abierto financiada por el Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Castilla y León (BUCLE), con cargo al Programa Operativo 2014ES16RFOP009 FEDER 2014-2020 DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN, Actuación:20007-CL - Apoyo Consorcio BUCL

Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern for Urine Isolates in Urinary Tract Infection

Background: The increased frequency and management of antibiotic resistance pattern in urinary tract infection (UTI) is a challenging task for the clinicians. Therefore, the current study was planned to identify the microbial etiology of UTI and the most suitable antibiotics used. The objective of the study was to assess the frequency of antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in patients with urinary tract infection.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at Al Sayed Hospital, Kidney Centre, Rawalpindi over a period of seven months i.e. June 30, 2018 to January 30, 2019. A total of 152 patients were enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Urine culture proceedings were done as per latest recommended guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) for UTI.Results: Regarding overall sensitivity of antibiotics for the pathogens of urine culture, highest sensitivity was observed for carbapenems (83.5%), followed by polymyxin B (72.3%), phosphonic acid derivatives (65.8%), aminoglycoside group (65.7%), extended spectrum penicillin (63.1%), imidazolidinedione (59.9%) and tetracycline (59.9%) groups. The least sensitivity was observed for Oxazolidinone (linezolid) (14.5%), teicoplanin (13.8%), tigecycline (10.5%) and first-generation cephalosporins (1.3%).Conclusions: Carbapenems showed maximum sensitivity for all urine isolates. The second and third options were polymyxin B and phosphonic acid derivatives, respectively

Vulnerability of bangladesh to cyclones in a changing climate : potential damages and adaptation cost

This paper integrates information on climate change, hydrodynamic models, and geographic overlays to assess the vulnerability of coastal areas in Bangladesh to larger storm surges and sea-level rise by 2050. The approach identifies polders (diked areas), coastal populations, settlements, infrastructure, and economic activity at risk of inundation, and estimates the cost of damage versus the cost of several adaptation measures. A 27-centimeter sea-level rise and 10 percent intensification of wind speed from global warming suggests the vulnerable zone increases in size by 69 percent given a +3-meter inundation depth and by 14 percent given a +1-meter inundation depth. At present, Bangladesh has 123 polders, an early warning and evacuation system, and more than 2,400 emergency shelters to protect coastal inhabitants from tidal waves and storm surges. However, in a changing climate, it is estimated that 59 of the 123 polders would be overtopped during storm surges and another 5,500 cyclone shelters (each with the capacity of 1,600 people) to safeguard the population would be needed. Investments including strengthening polders, foreshore afforestation, additional multi-purpose cyclone shelters, cyclone-resistant private housing, and further strengthening of the early warning and evacuation system would cost more than $2.4 billion with an annual recurrent cost of more than$50 million. However, a conservative damage estimate suggests that the incremental cost of adapting to these climate change related risks by 2050 is small compared with the potential damage inthe absence of adaptation measures.Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Climate Change Economics,Science of Climate Change,Hazard Risk Management,Global Environment Facility

Climate proofing infrastructure in Bangladesh : the incremental cost of limiting future inland monsoon flood damage

Two-thirds of Bangladesh is less than 5 meters above sea level, making it one of the most flood prone countries in the world. Severe flooding during a monsoon causes significant damage to crops and property, with severe adverse impacts on rural livelihoods. Future climate change seems likely to increase the destructive power of monsoon floods. This paper examines the potential cost of offsetting increased flooding risk from climate change, based on simulations from a climate model of extreme floods out to 2050. Using the 1998 flood as a benchmark for evaluating additional protection measures, the authors calculate conservatively that necessary capital investments out to 2050 would total US$2,671 million (at 2009 prices) to protect roads and railways, river embankments surrounding agricultural lands, and drainage systems and erosion control measures for major towns. With gradual climate change, however, required investments would be phased. Beyond these capital-intensive investments, improved policies, planning and institutions are essential to ensure that such investments are used correctly and yield the expected benefits. Particular attention is needed to the robustness of benefits from large-scale fixed capital investments. Investments in increased understanding of risk-mitigation options and in economic mobility will have especially high returns.Hazard Risk Management,Transport Economics Policy&Planning,Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Science of Climate Change,Climate Change Economics

Acute Complications of Pyogenic Meningitis in Children

Objective: The purpose of this study is to aim acute complications of pyogenic Meningitis found in children during their stay at hospital.Place and Duration of Study: The examination was conducted at the Pediatrics Department Samnabad Hospital, Lahore following a span of 06 months from the month of  October 2018 to March 2019.Materials and Methods: A number of 50 children from age 3 months to 12 years, suffering from  The clinical features of acute bacterial meningitis were present in the examination. Patients  with VP shunt associated meningitis,mental retardation, tuberculosis meningitis, and age falling under 3 months or above than 12 years were not included in the observation. CSF analysis and C/S conducted  in call for clinical  cases from the pathology department of the Hospital. Explicit observation was carried out for acute complications where they were required, which incorporated, blood glucose, serum electrolytes,, creatinine, CT brain, PT, APTT serum osmolarity. For two weeks, patients were kept under observation for acute complications.Results: All out of the 50 patients, children aged between 3 months and 12 years were being diagnosed as acute bacterial meningitis, were incorporated in the study. 59% among them were male and 41% were female.50% of patients were below 1year in age. 29% of them aged between 1 to 5 years, while 21% aged  between 5-12 years. Acute complications were seen among 32% of the sufferer. Profuse acute complications were , septic shock 4%, subdural effusion 16%,cerebral edema in 2%,acute hydrocephalus in 2%,cranial nerve palsy 2% and hemiparesis 6%, Common complications such as Hydrocephalus and cerebral edema Sub-dual effusion, were found to be more common in children below age 1, while  hemiparesis cranial nerve palsy and septic shock were were prevalent among children of more than age 1.Conclusion: Acute bacterial meningitis isdelirious contamination in children  bringing about critical intense intricacy, mortality and horribleness. In one millennium from now our prosperity will rely on compelling immunization procedures which has diminished infection load in developed nations.Key Words: Acute complications cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) hydrocephalus, Acute bacterial meningiti

Current methods for the detection of Plasmodium parasite species infecting humans

Malaria is the world’s fatal parasitic disease. The ability to quickly and accurately identify malaria infection in challenging environments is crucial to allow efficient administration of the best treatment regime for human patients. If those techniques are accessible and efficient, global detection of Plasmodium species will become more sensitive, allowing faster and more precise action to be taken for disease control strategies. Recent advances in technology have enhanced our ability to diagnose different species of Plasmodium parasites with greater sensitivity and specificity. This literature review provides a summary and discussion of the current methods for the diagnosis and identification of Plasmodium spp. in human blood samples. So far not a single method is precise, but advanced technologies give consistent identification of a Plasmodium infection in endemic regions. By using the power of the recent methods, we can provide a broader understanding of the multiplicity of infection and or transmission dynamics of Plasmodium spp. This will result in improved disease control strategies, better-informed policy, and effective treatment for malaria-positive patients

Assessment on Proficiency of Using Information and Communication Technology among Students of University of Lahore (Sargodha Campus), Pakistan

The main purpose of the study was to assess the proficiency of using information and communication technology among students of University of Lahore (Sargodha Campus). The researcher conveniently selected the sample of 200 M.Phil. Students and sample included male and female students. A questionnaire was constructed that comprised of three parts. It was concluded that students had high proficiency in using spreadsheets, presentation software, internet, E-mail, E-learning whereas they had not enough knowledge of using blogs and were also facing obstacles in the use of ICTs in their work environment

Nicotiana small RNA sequences support a host genome origin of Cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNA

Satellite RNAs (satRNAs) are small noncoding subviral RNA pathogens in plants that depend on helper viruses for replication and spread. Despite many decades of research, the origin of satRNAs remains unknown. In this study we show that a β-glucuronidase (GUS) transgene fused with a Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Y satellite RNA (Y-Sat) sequence (35S-GUS:Sat) was transcriptionally repressed in N. tabacum in comparison to a 35S-GUS transgene that did not contain the Y-Sat sequence. This repression was not due to DNA methylation at the 35S promoter, but was associated with specific DNA methylation at the Y-Sat sequence. Both northern blot hybridization and small RNA deep sequencing detected 24-nt siRNAs in wild-type Nicotiana plants with sequence homology to Y-Sat, suggesting that the N. tabacum genome contains Y-Sat-like sequences that give rise to 24-nt sRNAs capable of guiding RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) to the Y-Sat sequence in the 35S-GUS:Sat transgene. Consistent with this, Southern blot hybridization detected multiple DNA bands in Nicotiana plants that had sequence homology to Y-Sat, suggesting that Y-Sat-like sequences exist in the Nicotiana genome as repetitive DNA, a DNA feature associated with 24-nt sRNAs. Our results point to a host genome origin for CMV satRNAs, and suggest novel approach of using small RNA sequences for finding the origin of other satRNAs

Assessment on Proficiency of Using Information and Communication Technology among Students of University of Lahore (Sargodha Campus), Pakistan

The main purpose of the study was to assess the proficiency of using information and communication technology among students of University of Lahore (Sargodha Campus). The researcher conveniently selected the sample of 200 M.Phil. Students and sample included male and female students. A questionnaire was constructed that comprised of three parts. It was concluded that students had high proficiency in using spreadsheets, presentation software, internet, E-mail, E-learning whereas they had not enough knowledge of using blogs and were also facing obstacles in the use of ICTs in their work environment